{"id":890,"date":"2018-02-07T15:26:15","date_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:26:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tapchidouong.com.vn\/?p=890"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:33:49","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:33:49","slug":"doc-gi-cho-thoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/?p=890","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ecdc g\u00ec cho th\u1ecfa?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong bi\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 kim c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc g\u00ec cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng New York<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ra l\u00e0m hai: v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Trung c\u1ed5, Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, Th\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi nay. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7, b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0441\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f2n nh\u1edb \u1edf th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng: v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII-XIX, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau. C\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch trong tay ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 giao thoa c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 ta ch\u00fa \u00fd xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o. Khi ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch, ta m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ta bi\u1ebft l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n phong, c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. Khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1edf, x\u00e9t theo m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch El Pendulo \u1edf Mexico<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. M\u00e0 d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, giao h\u00f2a v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.\u00a0 Chu tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. T\u1eeb chu tr\u00ecnh, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee9 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Nghi l\u1ec5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1i phi tr\u1ef1c quan, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an k\u1ebft t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an k\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung kh\u00e1 ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edf cho ta th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean do \u2013 b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u1ecdc C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, s\u0103n b\u1eaft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong chu tr\u00ecnh canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ecdc l\u00ean. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 – \u1edf s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, c\u00e1i ri\u00eang v\u1edbi c\u00e1i chung. Ta th\u00edch nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c ta mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0 b\u1edfi th\u1ebf ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

K\u1ebb th\u1eeba k\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 nghi \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u00c2u M\u1ef9. Ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00f2ng say m\u00ea, n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1 th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao t\u1eeb l\u1ec5 nghi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i sang s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00eam, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia l\u1ec5 nghi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecd t\u00e0i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, nghi l\u1ec5 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. Khi \u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 nghi l\u00f9i xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng sau, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1i \u0110\u1eb9p v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u00f4i r\u00e8n cho h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u1ed1 t\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda t\u1ed1i \u0111a b\u1eb1ng hy sinh d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn, b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p – La M\u00e3, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f4ng tr\u1eddi, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i. Eschyle (525-456 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN) ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI TCN \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ba bi tr\u00e1ng mang quy m\u00f4 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ed7i gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng mang danh cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a bi k\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Sophocles (497-456 TCN) \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u1eeb tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. Euripides (484-406 TCN) th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0441on ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Trung c\u1ed5: nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7p s\u0129<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0421h\u1ea5t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1edbm xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf Iceland v\u00e0 Ireland th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u00ednh hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft \u0440hi\u00eau l\u01b0u, m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1\u0441 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb duy c\u1ea3m sang m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 – v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c mang c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng th\u00edch chu du, phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 – b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, nh\u1eefng kho b\u00e1u, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1p k\u1ef9 vui nh\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a William Shakespeare (1564-1616) kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc (trong th\u01a1), \u0111\u01b0a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt (trong k\u1ecbch) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ra \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n sang du kh\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u00e2\u0443 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c: nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean truy\u1ec7n, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

C\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i: t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u01b0ng \u00fd<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh th\u1eddi gian, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng blog th\u1eddi nay. Phong c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00f5m h\u01a1n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u0169ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0o s\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111ang xem phim. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfm hoi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945, g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ch\u1ecb Carrie, Nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c sau n\u00e0y, sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u01b0 V. Nabokov (1899-1977, g\u1ed1c Nga, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Lolita<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Khi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho m\u00ecnh, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u201cb\u00e9 m\u1ecdn\u201d. Thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Sigmund Freud g\u1ea7n g\u0169i gh\u00ea g\u1edbm v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u0103n h\u00e0o Nga A. Chekhov, F. Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy sung s\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1eed thi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u t\u00e2m l\u00fd, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u1edf m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Nam T\u01b0, Branislav Nu\u0161i\u0107 (1864-1938, c\u00e2y b\u00fat ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Serbia) chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng th\u1ec3 v\u0103n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ecdng, s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 dung t\u1ee5c xung quanh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Akutagawa Ryunosuke (1892-1927) v\u1edbi Trong r\u1eebng tr\u00fac<\/em> (1922) g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nhi\u00ea\u0300u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kha\u0301c nhau xung quanh m\u1ed9t \u00e1n m\u1ea1ng: hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng tr\u00fac, sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111o\u1ea1t, co\u0300n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 li k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n sinh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u2013 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nga \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0425\u0425.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: nh\u00e0 v\u0103n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Yoruba (Nigeria) Amos Tutuola (1920-1997) v\u1edbi T\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng ma, hay l\u00e0 Ke\u0309 nghi\u00ea\u0323n r\u01b0\u01a1\u0323u co\u0323<\/em> vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb \u2013 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nghi l\u1ec5 khai t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ra th\u00ec h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc Amos.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n M\u1ef9 Herman Melville (1819-1891) v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n Moby-Dick, hay Con c\u00e1 voi<\/em> k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 Ishmael v\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u s\u0103n c\u00e1 voi do thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ahab ch\u1ec9 huy v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00ecm ra con c\u00e1 voi tr\u1eafng r\u1ea5t hung d\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Moby-Dick. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, con c\u00e1 voi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1eafn c\u1ee5t ch\u00e2n Ahab, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng ta quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft s\u1eed thi b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7u tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng sau th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng bao la.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf – h\u00e3y t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0425\u0425. \u01afa th\u00edch nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n th\u1eadt \u00edt h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u2013 c\u00f3 Dostoyevsky, Dreiser v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac m\u1eafc trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Italy. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u2013 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a t\u1ea7ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 Latinh hay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. N\u1ebfu th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi phi\u00eau l\u01b0u \u2013 h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u00c2u M\u1ef9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV-XVII; c\u00f2n th\u00edch m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec7n vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm h\u01a1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII.<\/p>\n

Yulia Seralyeva <\/strong><\/p>\n

(Nga)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/p>\n

Theo Superstyle.ru \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong bi\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 kim c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc g\u00ec cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng New York C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ra l\u00e0m hai: v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":891,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[170,171,169],"class_list":["post-890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-song","tag-doc-gi-la-hay","tag-doc-sach-gi-phu-hop-voi-gioi-tre","tag-nhung-thu-vien-co-va-lon-o-cac-nuoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/890","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=890"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/890\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":894,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/890\/revisions\/894"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/891"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/douongvietnam.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}